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狄兰·托马斯《羊齿山》

狄兰·托马斯 星期一诗社 2024-01-10

《羊齿山》以讲故事的口吻开始他的童年之旅,开篇出现的“苹果树”是童真的象征,指向伊甸园里的禁果,“苹果树下”(undert he apple boughs)典出《圣经旧约•雅歌》8:5,“苹果树下,我把你唤醒”。开篇“Now as I was”(此刻我重回)是一种句法的悖论,此刻与往昔相融共存的开场白,衔接起纯真年代逍遥、童真的美好,却引导一句不符合传统语法的句法,在第一、第二及最后诗节重复出现,诗行中层出不穷的倒置、省略、词性转换等等手法,别出心裁地打破理性的语言思维模式。第一诗节第七诗行还出现一句超常规的词语搭配“once below a time”(从前),那是“once upon a time”(从前)的镜像句,这种错位与倒置也符合儿童的心理,“below a time”暗示诗人的意图,时光主宰一切,涵盖无忧无虑的童年,突出诗中所要歌颂童年时光的永恒与美好。童年因为童真而无限美好,因为纯真而令人向往,寄托了诗人对纯真童年的无限回忆,也蕴含他对生命与死亡、青涩与成熟、时间与永恒的哲理思考。这首诗是狄兰巅峰时期荣归故里的作品,字里行间时而透露的忧伤与其说他对童年的留恋,倒不如说诗人对故乡宁静山水的自然回归。



狄兰·托马斯《羊齿山》

此刻我重回青春,悠然回到苹果树下,

身旁是欢快的小屋,幸福如青翠的青草,

  幽谷之上星星布满夜空,

  时光任我欢呼雀跃

  眼中的盛世一片金黄,

我是苹果镇的王子,坐上马车多么荣耀,

从前我拥有树林和绿叶,君王般气派,

  一路雏菊和大麦,

  沿岸是为风吹落的阳光。

 

我的青葱岁月逍遥,谷仓间声名显赫,

幸福庭院欢歌笑语,农庄仿佛是家园,

  阳光不再青春年少,

  时光任我嬉闹,

蒙受他的恩宠金光闪耀,

我是猎手我是牧人,青翠又金黄,牛犊唱和

我的号角,山岗上狐狸的吠声清越又清凉,

  而安息日的钟声

  缓缓地漫过圣溪的鹅卵石。

 

阳光泼洒一整天,多么明媚可爱,

旷野干草高及屋脊,烟囱腾起旋律,

  嬉戏的空气,动人又湿润,

  星火,青翠如青草。

  纯真的星空下,夜幕降临,

伴我回家入梦乡,猫头鹰驮着农庄远去,

月光泼洒一整夜,蒙福马厩房,我听到

夜鹰衔干草飞翔,马群

  光一般闪入了黑暗。


随后农庄醒来,像位流浪者身披白露

归来,雄鸡立在肩头:那一天阳光普照

  那一天属于亚当和少女,

  天空再次聚拢

  那一天太阳浑圆无边。

想必那一定是在淳朴的光诞生之后

世界初转的地方,出神的马群温情地

  走出低声嘶鸣的绿马厩

  奔向颂扬的旷野。


崭新的云彩飘过快乐小屋,我荣幸无比,

在狐群和雉鸡间漫步,幸福似爱心长相随,

  一遍又一遍在阳光下重生,

  我漫不经心地奔跑,

  心愿越过一屋子高高的干草,

我了无牵挂,与蓝天玩起游戏,时光

任其转动旋律,寥寥应允几首晨歌,

  孩子们从青翠趋于金黄,

  很不乐意地追随他,

 

羔羊般洁白的日子里,我了无牵挂,时光

牵着我的手影,随冉冉升起的月光,

  爬上栖满燕子的阁楼,

  也曾无心入眠,

  我听到他随旷野高飞,

醒来发现,农庄永远逃离无儿无女的土地。

哦,我也曾青春年少,蒙受他的恩宠,

  时光握住我的青翠与死亡

  纵然我随大海般的潮汐而歌唱。


海 岸 / 译



Fern Hill
By Dylan Thomas

Now as I was young and easy under the apple boughs
About the lilting house and happy as the grass was green,
  The night above the dingle starry,
  Time let me hail and climb
  Golden in the heydays of his eyes,
And honoured among wagons I was prince of the apple towns
And once below a time I lordly had the trees and leaves
  Trail with daisies and barley
  Down the rivers of the windfall light.

And as I was green and carefree, famous among the barns
About the happy yard and singing as the farm was home,
  In the sun that is young once only,
  Time let me play and be
  Golden in the mercy of his means,
And green and golden I was huntsman and herdsman, the calves
Sang to my horn, the foxes on the hills barked clear and cold,
  And the sabbath rang slowly
  In the pebbles of the holy streams.

All the sun long it was running, it was lovely, the hay
Fields high as the house, the tunes from the chimneys, it was air
  And playing, lovely and watery
  And fire green as grass.
  And nightly under the simple stars
As I rode to sleep the owls were bearing the farm away,
All the moon long I heard, blessed among stables, the nightjars
  Flying with the ricks, and the horses
  Flashing into the dark.

And then to awake, and the farm, like a wanderer white
With the dew, come back, the cock on his shoulder: it was all
  Shining, it was Adam and maiden,
  The sky gathered again
  And the sun grew round that very day.
So it must have been after the birth of the simple light
In the first, spinning place, the spellbound horses walking warm
  Out of the whinnying green stable
  On to the fields of praise.

And honoured among foxes and pheasants by the gay house
Under the new made clouds and happy as the heart was long,
  In the sun born over and over,
  I ran my heedless ways,
  My wishes raced through the house high hay
And nothing I cared, at my sky blue trades, that time allows
In all his tuneful turning so few and such morning songs
  Before the children green and golden
  Follow him out of grace,

Nothing I cared, in the lamb white days, that time would take me
Up to the swallow thronged loft by the shadow of my hand,
  In the moon that is always rising,
  Nor that riding to sleep
  I should hear him fly with the high fields
And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless land.
Oh as I was young and easy in the mercy of his means,
  Time held me green and dying
  Though I sang in my chains like the sea.



细读《羊齿山》会发现“green”(青翠)贯穿全诗,六个诗节中前后出现七次,突显诗歌的主题,不仅定下了全诗绿色的基调,青草是绿色的,树叶是绿色,马厩是绿色的,孩子像青草一样充满活力,就连火苗也是有着青草的芳华,绿色呈现纯真年代无忧无虑、生机勃勃的状态,也表达青葱、稚嫩、青涩的含义。绿色的童年、绿色的大自然,它们是人类两个永恒的家园。随之与此相呼应的“golden”(金黄)出现四次,代表生命的全盛期,蕴含金色年华之意;如果说“green”代表的是生机盎然的春天,“golden”则代表的是收获成熟的秋天,随着时光的流逝,大自然与人生均从青葱步入金黄,继而生死相随;代表生命力的“青翠”与“金黄”又是与死亡共存的,且为时间所主宰,生命从诞生起就孕育着死亡。在诗人狄兰看来,宇宙万物永远是一个生死相随的运动,生命从诞生那一刻就意味着死亡,在永恒的时光里,人生显得那么短暂,故而也显得那么美好;死亡又意味着新生的到来,死者在“淳朴的光诞生之后”获得新一轮的生死进程。最后,在这种生死进程中,伴随诗人纯真童年的意象终究是死亡的象征。“时光”带给诗人的不仅是欢乐的“青翠与金黄”,也伴随着“死亡”,纵然诗人带着人生的痛楚走向死亡,他依然会随大海般的潮汐而歌唱,此处原文“chains”英国威尔士狄兰诗歌研究专家古德拜(John Goodby)认为指的是受月亮牵制而形成的潮汐。( 海 岸 )



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